References - Emotional Processing

Emotional Processing

References

Emotional processing and gender

Allen,J. G. & Haccoun, D. M. (1976). Sex differences in emotionality: A multi-dimensional approach. Human Relations, 29, 711-722.

Averill, J. (1982). Anger and aggression. New York, Springer

Ben-Zur, H. & Zeidner, M. (1996). Gender differences in coping reactions under community crisis and daily routine conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 331-340.

Bindra, D. (1972) Weeping: a problem of many facets. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 25, 281-284

Birnbaum, D., Noasonchuk, T. & Cross, W. (1980) Children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality. Sex Roles, 6, 435-443

Briton, N. & Hall, J. (1995) Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles, 32, 79-90

Brody, L.R. & Hall, J.A. (1993) Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (Eds), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guildford Press, 447-460

Darwin, C. (1998) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Website: 'http://human-nature.com/darwin/emotion/chaps.htm' accessed 19 August 2004

Diener, E., Sandvick, E. & Larsen, R. (1995). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542-546.

Dosser, D., Balswick, J. & Halverson. C. (1983). Situational context of emotional expression. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 30, 375-387.

Eun-pyo, L. (2002). Crying and Tears. The Korea Times. Website: ‘http://times.hankooki.com/1page/opinion/200212/kt2002120116233812880.htm’ accessed: 9^th August 2004.

Fabes, R. & Martin, C. (1991). Gender and ages stereotypes of emotionality. Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 532-540

Fischer, A. (1993). Sex differences in emotionality: fact or stereotype. Feminism and Psychology, 3, 303-318

Fischer, A.H. (2000). Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. New York, Cambridge University Press

Fischer, A. & Manstead, S.R. (2000). The relation between gender and emotions in difference cultures. In A. H. Fischer (Ed), Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 71-94

Frey W.H. & Langseth M. (1985). Crying: The mystery of tears. Minneapolis, MN: Winston

Gray, J. (1992) Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus: A practical guide for improving communication and getting what you want in your relationships. HarperCollins Publishers

Grossman, M. & Wood, W. (1993) Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 65 1010-1022

Gurian, M. (2003). What Could He Be Thinking?- How A Man’s Mind Really Works. Griffin Paperback.

Hall, J. A. (1987). On explaining gender differences: The case of nonverbal communication. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 177-200.

Hauser, M. D. (1995). Review of "Language and Communication", by H. R. Roitblatt et al. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Comparative and Physiological Processes, 47B, 454-457.

Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. & Kelly, J. R. (2002). Gender stereotypes of emotional reactions: how we judge an emotion as valid. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.

Jansz, J. (2000). Masculine identity and restrictive emotionality. In A.H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion (pp. 166 – 186). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kelly, J. R. & Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. (1999). Gender-emotion stereotypes are context specific. Sex Roles, 40, 107-120.

Kindlon, D. J. & Thompson, M. (2000). Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. Ballantine Books Inc., New York.

Kring, A.M. & Gordon, A.H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703

Lanzetta, J.T., Cartwright-Smith, J. & Kleck, R.E. (1976). Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 354-370

Levant, R. F. (1995). Masculine identity and restrictive emotionality. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 166-185.

Levant, R.F. (1995). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. In R.F. Levant & W.S. Pollack (Eds.). A new psychology of men (pp.229 – 252). New York: HarperCollins.

Levant, R.F., Hirsch, L., Celentano, E., Cozza, T., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., Marty, N., & Schnedeker, J. (1992). The male role: An investigation into norms and stereotypes. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 14, 325 – 377.

Lombardo, W. K., Cretser, G. A. & Roesch, S. C. (2001). For crying out loud—the differences persist into the '90s - Statistical Data Included. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.

Lombardo, W.J., Cretser, G.A., Lombardo, B. & Mathis, S.L. (1983). For crying out loud - there is a sex difference. Sex Roles, 9, 987-995

MacGeorge, E. L. (2003). Gender differences in attributions and emotions in helping contexts. Sex Roles, 48(3), 175.

Maltz, D. N. & Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 195-216.

Pease, A. & Pease, B. (2002). Why men lie and women cry. An Orion Paperback.

Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E. & Dodge, K. L. (1994). Gender differences in coping with stress: When stressors and appraisals do not differ. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 421-430.

Rosenblatt, P.E., Walsh, R.P. & Jackson, D.A. (1976). Grief and mourning in cross-cultural perspective. New Haven, CT: HRAF

Ross, E.E. & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Men who cry. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(2), 138-146

Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.

Wagstaff, G. F. & Rowledge, A. M. (1995). Stoicism: Its relation to gender, attitudes toward poverty, and reactions to emotive material. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(2), 181.

Wood, J. T. (1997). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture (2nd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Yong, H. H., Gibson, S. J., Horne, D. & Helme, R. D. (2001). Development of a pain attitudes questionnaire to assess stoicism and cautiousness for possible age differences. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological sciences and social sciences, 56B(5), 279-284.

Williams, D.G. & Morris, G.H. (1996). Weeping or tearfulness in British and Israeli adults. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 479-505

Tears - nature's emotional processing?

Purposeless or adaptive?
Is crying good for you?
Tears and the processing of emotional hurt
When tears fail
General references on Tears

Purposeless or adaptive?

Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 3, 66-82.

Oatley, K. (1992). Best laid schemes: the psychology of emotions. Cambridge University Press.

Panksep, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.

Plutchik, R. (1987). Evolutionary bases of empathy. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development, Empathy and its development, Eisenberg, N. & Strayer, J. (Eds), New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Evans, D. (2001). Emotion, the science of sentiment. Oxford University Press.

Rose, H. & Rose, J. (2000). Alas, Poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology. London, Jonathan Cape.

Is crying good for you?

Cornelius, R. R. (1986). “Prescience in the pre-scientific study of weeping? A history of weeping in the popular press from the mid-1800’s to the present” presented at 57th Annual Meeting of the Psychological Association, New York.

Cornelius, R. R. (Ed) (2001). “Crying and Catharsis”. Adult crying: a biopsychosocial approach (pp. 199-211). Brunner-Routledge, Hove, East Sussex.

Efran, J.S. & Spangler, T.J. (1979) Why grown-ups cry: a two factor theory and evidence from the miracle worker. Motivation and emotion 3, 63-72

Frey, W.H., DeSota-Johnson, D., Hoffman, C. & McCall, J.T. (1981) Effect of stimulus on the chemical composition of human tears. American Journal of Ophthalmology 92, 559-567

Kraemer, D.L. & Hastrup, J.L. (1988) Crying in adults: self control and autonomic correlates. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 6, 53-68

Lombardo, W. K., Crester, G. A., Lombardo, B. & Mathis, S. L. (1983). Fer Cryin’ out loud – There’s a sex difference. Sex Roles, 9, 987-995.

Lutz, T. (1999) Crying: The natural and cultural history of tears. New York, Norton

Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. & Becht, M. C. (1997). Why we cry and how it affects mood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5, 59-92.

Tears and the processing of emotional hurt

Cornelius, R.R. (Ed) (2001) Adult crying: a biopychosocial approach. Brunner-Routledge.

Frey, W. H. II & Langseth M. (1985)Crying: the mystery of tears. New York, Harper & Row

Littrell (1998) Is the experience of painful emotion therapeutic? Clinical Psychology Review 18,1,71-102

Lutz, T. (1999) Crying: the natural and cultural history of tears. New York, Norton

McCarthy, S. & Masson, J.M. (1995) When elephants weep: the emotional lives of animals. New York, Doubleday.

Nichols, M.P., & Zax, M (1977) Catharsis in Psychotherapy. New York, Gardner.

Scheff, T. (1984) The taboo on coarse emotions. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 146-169.

Van Haeringen, N.J. (1981) Clinical Biochermistry of Tears. Survey of Opthalmology 26, 84-96

When tears fail

Bohart, A.C. (1980) Toward a cognitive theory of catharsis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, Vol 17, 192-201

Gendlin, E.T. (1981) Focusing. 2nd edition. New York, Bantum Books

Gendlin, E.T. (1998) Focusing oriented psychotherapy. New York, Guildford Press

Nichols, M.P. & Zax, M. (1977) Catharsis in psychotherapy. New York, Gardner

Parrizi, J., Anderson, S.W., Martin, C.O., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A.R. (2001) Pathological laughter and crying: a link to the cerebellium. Brain, 124, 1708-1719

Phillippot,P. & Rime, B. (1998) Social and cognitive processing in emotion. Chapter in W.F. Flack & J.D. Laird 'Emotions in psychpathology: theory and research'. New York, Oxford University Press

Rogers, C.R. (1954) What is means to become a person. In C.R. Rogers' 'A therapist's view of psychotherapy'. London, Constable

Rogers, C.R. (1956) A process conception of psychotherapy. In C.R. Rogers' 'A therapist's view of psychotherapy'. London, Constable

Shaibam, A.T., Sabbagh, M.N., Khaen, B.N. (2001) Pathological human crying. Chapter in 'Adult crying: a bio psychosocial approach'. Ed J.J.M. Vingerhoets & R.R. Cornelius. Hove, Brunner-Routledge.

Van Haeringen, N.J. (1981) Clinical biochemistry on tears, Survey of Opthalmology 2-6, 84-96

Wilson, S.A. (1924) Some problems in neurology. Pathological laughing and crying. Journal of Neuropsychopathology, 4, 299-333

General references on tears

Buss, D.M. (1992). Manipulation in close relationships: Five personality factors in interactional context. Journal of Personality. 60, 477 – 499.

Bindra, D. (1972). Weeping, a problem of many facets. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 25, 281 – 284.

De-Fruyt, F. (1997) Gender and individual differences in adult crying. Personality and individual differences, 22, 937-940

Eisler, R.M., & Skidmore, J.R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress. Behavior Modification. 11, 123 – 136.

Frey, W.W., Hoffman-Ahern, C., Johnson, R.A., Lykken, D.T., & Tuason, V.B. (1983). Crying behaviour in the human adult. Integrative psychiatry. 1, 94 – 100.

Gillespie, B.L. & Eisler, R.M. (1992). Development of the Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale. Behaviour Modification. 16, 426 – 438.

Kottler, J.A. (1996). The language of tears. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lombardo, W.K., Crester, G.A., Lombardo, B., & Mathis, S.L. (1983). Fer cryin’ out loud – There’s a sex difference. Sex Roles. 9, 987 – 995.

Ross, C.E., & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Men who cry. Social Psychology Quarterly. 47, 138 – 146.

Williams, D.G. (1982). Weeping by adults: Personality correlates and sex differences. Journal of Psychology. 110, 217 – 226.

Williams, D.G., & Morris, G.H. (1996). Crying, weeping or tearfulness in British and Israeli adults. British Journal of Psychology. 87, 479 – 505.

Chronic pain and emotional processing

Aronoff, G. & Dupuy, D. (1997). Evaluation and management of back pain: preventing disability. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 9, 109-124.

Arnst, C., Licking, E. & Barrett, A. (1999). Conquering Pain: New discoveries and treatments offer hope. Website: http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_09/b3618001.htm, date accessed: 7^th April 2005.

Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, P. J. & Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 97-119.

Badura, A., Reiter, R., Altmaier, E., Rhombers, A. & Bias, D. (1997). Dissociation, somatization, substance abuse, and coping in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 90, 405-410.

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. & Owens, M. (2003). Development of a new emotional processing scale. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the (non) expression of emotions in health and disease, October, Tilberg University, The Netherlands.

Baker, R., Tilley, S. Owens, M. & Tosunlar, L. (2004). Emotional Processing and Pain. (Unpublished document.) Dorset Research Development and Support Unit.

Bennett, R. (2002). Understanding Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia: A Review of Recent Discoveries. The Oregon Fibromyalgia Foundation. Website: http://www.myalgia.com/chrpain.htm, date accessed: January 26^th 2005.

Benson, H. (1975). The Relaxation Response. New York: Avon Books.

Blair, J., Blair, R., & Rueckert P. (1994). Pre-injury emotional trauma and chronic pain, an unexpected finding. Spine, 19, 1146-1147.

Booth, C.C. (2002). John Haygarth FRS (1740-1827). The James Lind Library. Website: http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/19th_Century/haygarth/haygarth_biog.html, date accessed: 23^rd August 2004.

Chapman, C.R., Nakamura, Y., Donaldson, G.W., Jacobson, R.C., Bradshaw, D.H., Flores, L. & Chapman, C.N. (2001). Sensory and affective dimensions of phasic pain are indistinguishable in the self-report and psychophysiology of normal laboratory subjects. The Journal of Pain, 2, 279-294.

Chen, A.C. (2001). New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and Pet/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 53-65.

Collinge, W. (1997). Mind / Body Medicine. Website: http://www.medical-library.net/specialties/framer.html?/specialties/_mind_body_medicine.html, date accessed: 22^nd August 2004.

Crombez, G., Vervaet, L., Lysens, R., Eelen, P. & Baeyens, F. (1996). Do pain expectancies cause pain in chronic low back patients? A clinical investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 919–925.

Crombez, G., Vervaet, L., Lysens, R., Baeyens, F. & Eelen, P. (1998). Avoidance and confrontation of painful, back-straining movements in chronic back pain patients. Behavior Modification, 22, 62–77.

Davidson, R.C. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1193-1214.

Davidson, R. (2001). Toward a biology of personality and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935, 191-209.

Davidson, R. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68-80.

Gallagher, R. (1997). Behavioral and biobehavioral treatment in chronic pain: perspectives on the evidence of effectiveness. Mind/Body Medicine, 2, 176-183.

Geisser, M., Roth, R., Bachman, J. & Eckert, T. (1996). The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain. Pain, 66, 207-214.

Greenway, J. (2003). Mind-Body Interaction in the Eighteenth-Century Tractorizing of Pain; or, Galvanising Trumpery Reveal’d! Elisha Perkins and the Metallic Tractors. Website: http://www.uky.edu/~engjlg/research/perkins.htm, date accessed: 18^th August 2004.

Hrobjartsson, A. & Norup, M. (2003). The use of placebo interventions in medical practice: A national questionnaire survey of Danish clinicians. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 26(2), 153-165.

Jackson, M. (2002). Pain: The Fifth Vital Sign: The Science and Culture of Why We Hurt. The Microhistory of Pain. Website: http://www.marnijackson.com/books/excerpt.html, date accessed: 24^th April 2005.

Julkunen, J., Hurri, H. & Kankainen., J. (1988). Psychological factors in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Follow-up study of a back school intervention. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 50(4), 173-181.

Keefe, F. J., Lumley, M., Anderson, T., Lynch, T., Studts, J. L. & Carson, K. L. (2001). Pain and emotion: new research directions. Review of studies looking at the effects on pain of stress, negative emotional states, catastrophizing, fear, emotional regulation, and treatment seeking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(4), 587-607.

Letham, J., Slade, P. D., Troup, J. D. & Bentley, G. (1983). Outline of a Fear-Avoidance Model of exaggerated pain perception—I. Behaviour Research Therapy, 21(4), 401-408.

Marchand, S., Kupers, R. C., Bushnell, M. C. & Duncan, G. H. (2003). Analgesic and placebo effects of thalamic stimulation. Pain, 105(3), 481-488.

McCracken, L. M. Gross, R. T., Sorg, P. J. & Edmands, T. A. (1993). Prediction of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: Effects of inaccurate prediction and pain-related anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 647-652.

McRae, C., Cherin, E., Yamazaki, T. G. & Diem, G. (2004). Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life and Medical Outcomes in a Double-blind Placebo Surgery Trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 412-421.

Melzack, R. (1999). Pain and stress: A new perspective. In Gatchel, R. & Turk, D. (Eds.). Psychosocial factors in pain: critical perspectives. New York: Guilford.

Mendell, L. M. & Wall, P. D. (1965). Response of single dorsal cord cells to peripheral cutaneous unmyleinated fibers. Nature, 206, 97-99.

Mundipharma, (1998). Partners in Pain. What is Pain? History. Website: http://www.medeserv.com.au/mundipharma/pain/history.htm, date accessed: 9^th September 2004.

Okifuji, A. & Turk, D. (1998). Interdisciplinary approach to pain management. Journal of Anesthesia, 12, 142-152.

Phan, K.L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. & Liberzon, I. (2001). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.

Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behaviour Research Therapy, 25(4), 273-279.

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Price, D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science, 288, 1769-1772.

Sherman, J., Turk, D. & Okifuji, A. (2000). Prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress -like symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clinical Journal of Pain, 16, 127-134.

Surawy, C., Hackmann, A., Hawton, K. & Sharpe, M. (1995). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a cognitive approach. Behaviour Research Therapy, 33(3), 535-544.

Tinker, J. (2003). Chronic Pain – A Silent Epidemic? Seminar. Website: http://www.rsd-crps.co.uk/seminarbriefing.doc, date accessed: 10^th May 2005.

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Walsh, F. (2003). Crisis, trauma, and challenge: A relational resilience for healing,

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Zimmermann, M. (2004). Chronic pain. Epidemiology and management in Germany, 33(5), 508-514.

Fibromyalgia

Ahles T.A., Yunus M.B., Riley S.D., Bradley J.M., Masi A.T., (1984) Psychological factors associated with primary fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 27, 1101-1106

Alfici S., Sigal M., Landau M., (1989) Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome – a variant of depressive disorder? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 156-161

Baker R., (2001) An emotional processing model for counselling and psychotherapy, a way forward? Counselling in Practice 7(1), 8-11

Baker R., Holloway J., Thomas P.W., Thomas S., Owens M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Bengtsson A., Henriksson K.G., Larsson J., (1986) Muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia: Light-microscopical and histochemical findings Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 15, 1-6

Bennett R.M., (1993) Fibromyalgia and the facts: sense or nonsense Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 19(1), 45-59

Beutler L.E., Engle D.M., Oro-Buetler E., Daldrup R., Meredith K., (1986) Inability to express intense affect: A common link between depression and pain Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54, 6752-6759

Blumer D., Heilbronn M., (1982) Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain prone disorder The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170, 381-406

Boisset-Pioro M.H., Esdaile J.M., Fitzcharles M.A., (1995) Sexual and physical abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 38(2), 235-241

Brosschot J.F., Aarsse H.R., (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibromyalgia International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31(2), 127-146

Carette S., (1995) Fibromyalgia 20 years later: What have we really accomplished? The Journal of Rheumatology 22,590-592

Carette S., Oakson G., Guimont C., Steriade M., (1993) Sleep electroencephalography and the clinical response to amitriptyline in patients with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 36, S250

Catchlove R.F., Cohen K.R., Braha R., Demers-Desrosiers L., (1985) Incidence and implications of alexithymia in chronic pain patients The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173(4), 246-248

Chambless D.L., Goldstein A.J., (1981) Clinical treatment of agoraphobia. In Mavissakalian M., and Bar D.H., (Eds) Phobia: psychological and pharmacological treatment (p103-144) Guilford Press

Clark S., Campbell S.M., Forehand M.E., Tindall E.A., Bennett R.M., (1985) Clinical characteristics of fibrositis II. A ‘blinded’, controlled study using standard psychological tests Arthritis and Rheumatism 28, 132-137

Dailey P.A., Bishop G.D., Russell I.J., Fletcher E.M., (1990) Psychological stress and the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome The Journal of Rheumatology 17(10), 1380-1385

Deary I.J., Scott S., Wilson J.A., (1997) Neuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms Personality and Individual Differences 22, 551-564

Epping-Jordan J.E., Compass B.E., Howell D.C., (1994) Predictors of cancer progression in young adult men and women: Avoidance, intrusive thoughts and psychological symptoms Health Psychology 13, 539-547

Esterling B.A., Antoni M.H., Kumar M., Schneiderman N., (1990) Emotional repression, stress, disclosure responses, and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen titers Psychosomatic Medicine 52, 390-410

Fawzy F.I., Kemeny M.E., Fawzy N.W., Elashoff R., Morton D., Cousins N., Fahey J.L., (1990) A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients. Changes over time in immunological measures Archives of General Psychiatry 47(8), 729-735

Fernandez A., Sriram T.G., Rajkumar S., Chandrasekar A.N., (1989) Alexithymic characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 45-50

Foa E.B., Kozak M.J., (1986) Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information Psychological Bulletin 99(1), 20-35

Friedman H.S., Booth-Kewley S., (1987) The ‘disease prone personality’: A meta-analytic view of the construct American Psychologist 42, 539-555

Friedman H.S., Hall J.A., Harris M.J., (1985) Type A behaviour, nonverbal expressive style and health Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, 1299-1315

Gamsa A., (1994) The role of psychological factors in chronic pain I. A half century of study Pain 57, 5-15

Gardiner B.M., (1980) Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis Psychological Medicine 10, 159-163

Goldenberg D.L., (1986) Psychologic studies in fibrositis The American Journal of Medicine 81, 67-70

Grassi L., Molinari S., (1988) Patterns of emotional control and psychological reactions to breast cancer: A preliminary report Psychological Reports 62, 727-732

Hudson J.I., Hudson M.S., Pliner L.F., Goldenberg D.L., Pope H.G. Jr, (1985) Fibromyalgia and major affective disorder: A controlled phenomenology and family history study American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 441-446

Hudson J.I. Goldenberg D.L., Harrison G.P Jr., Keck P.E. Jr., Schlesinger L., (1992) Comorbidity of fibromyalgia with medical and psychiatric disorders The American Journal of Medicine 92(4), 363-367

Hunt M.G., (1998) The only way out is through: emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event Behaviour Research and Therapy 36, 361-384

Jacobsen S., Wildschiodtz G., Danneskiold-Samsoe B., (1991) Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength combined with transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation in primary fibromyalgia syndrome Journal of Rheumatology 18, 1390-1393

Jansen M.A., Muenz L.R. (1984) A retrospective study of personality variables associated with fibrocystic disease and breast cancer Journal of Psychosomatic Research 28, 35-42

Jensen M.R., (1987) Psychobiological factors predicting the course of breast cancer Journal of Personality 55, 317-342

Kanner A.D., Coyne J.C., Schaefer C., Lazarus R.S., (1981) Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events Journal of Behavioural Medicine 4, 2-39

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Kelley J.E., Lumley M.A., (1997) Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients Health Psychology 16, 331-340

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Kleiger J.H., Jones B.F., (1980) Characteristics of alexithymic patients in a chronic respiratory illness population The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168, 461-470

Kosturek A., Gregory R.J., Sousou A.J., Trief P., (1998) Alexithymia and somatic amplification in chronic pain Psychosomatics:- Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry 39, 399-404

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Lumley M.A., Smith J.A., Longo D.J., (2002) The relationship of alexithymia to pain severity and impairment among patients with chronic myofascial pain Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53, 823-830

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Moos R.H., Solomon G.F. (1965b) Psychologic comparisons between women with rheumatoid arthritis and their non-arthritic sisters: II Psychosomatic Medicine 27(2) 150-164

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Pennebaker J.W., Beale S.K., (1986) Confronting a traumatic event: towards an understanding of inhibition and disease Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95(3), 274-281

Pennebaker J.W., Barger S.D., Tiebout J., (1989) Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors Psychosomatic Medicine 51, 577-589

Pennebaker J.W., (1990) Opening up: the healing power of confiding in others. Morrow

Piergiacomi G., Blasetti P., Berti C., Ercolani M., Cervini C., (1989) Personality pattern in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgic syndome. Pschological investigation. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 48, 288-293

Porcelli P., Zaka S., Leoci C., Centonze S., Taylor G.J., (1995) Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 64, 49-53

Rachman S., (2001) Emotional Processing, with special reference to PTSD International Review of Psychiatry 13(3), 164-171

Rohde P., Lewinsohn P.M., Tilson M., Seeley J.R., (1990) Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression Journal of Personality and social Psychology 58(3), 499-511

Schwartz J., (1990) Multinational trends in cancer mortality rates Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 609, 136-145

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Smith J.A., Lumley M.A., Longo D.J., (2002) Contrasting emotional approach coping with passive coping for chronic myofascial pain Annals of Behavioural Medicine 24, 326-335

Sriram T.G., Ghaturvedi S.K., Gopinath P.S., Shanmugam V., (1987) Controlled study of alexithymic characteristics in patients with psychogenic pain disorder Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 47, 11-17

Stavraky K.M., Donner A.P., Kincade J.E., Stweart M.A., (1988) The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 75-82

Tariot P.N., Yocum D., Kalin N.H., (1986) Psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 812-813

Taylor M.L., Trotter D.R., Csuka M.E., (1995) The prevalence of sexual abuse in women with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 38, 229-234

Taylor G.J., Bagby R.M., Parker J.D.A., (1997) Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illnesses Cambridge University Press

Teasdale J.D., Fennell M.J.V., (1982) Immediate effects on depression of cognitive therapy interventions Cognitive Therapy and Research 6(3), 343-352

Udelman H.D., Udelman D.L., (1981) Emotions and rheumatologic disorders American Journal of Psychotherapy 35(4), 576-587

Van der Kolk B.A., (1996) The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self regulation, stimulus discrimination and characterological developments. In, B.A. Van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Eds) Traumatic Stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (p182-213) Guildford Press

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Emotional processing and older people

Baltes, P.B. & Baltes, M.M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the models of selective optimization with compensation. In P.B. Baltes & M.M. Baltes (eds), Successful aging: Perspectives from the Behavioural Sciences (pp.1-34). New York; Cambridge University Press.

Carstensen, L.L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-156.

Carstensen, L.L. & Charles, S.T. (1998). Emotion in the second half of life. Current Directions, 7, 144-149.

Carstensen, L.L., Gross, J.J., & Fung, H. (1998). The social context of emotional experience. In K.W. Schaie & M.P. Lawton (eds), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Vol. 17. Focus on emotion and adult development (pp.325-352). New York: Springer.

Coleman, P.G. (1996). Identity management in later life. In Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing. R.T, Woods (ed), Wiley, Chichester.

Coleman, P. G. (1999). Identity management in later life. In Psychological Problems of Ageing, Assessment, Treatment and Care. R.T. Woods (ed), Wiley, Chichester.

Charles, S. Mather,M. & Carstensen, L.L., (2003). Aging and Emotional Memory: The Forgettable Nature of Negative Images for Older Adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, Vol. 132, No.2, 310-324.

Charles, S., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related Differences and Change in Positive and Negative Affect Over 23 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, Vol. 80, No.1, 136-151.

Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., (1990). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 362-371.

Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., & Arenberg, D. (1983). Recent longitudinal research on personality and aging. In K.W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp.222-265). New York: Guilford Press.

Davidson, R.J., Putman, K.M. & Larson, C.L. (2000). Dysfunction in the Neural Circuitry of Emotion Regulation- A Possible Prelude to Violence. Science, Vol 289 July.

DeNeve, K.M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.

Dittmann-Kohli, F. (1990). The construction of meaning in old age: possibilities and constraints. Ageing and Society, 10, 279-294.

Gross, J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Gotestram Skorpen, C., & Hsu, A. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599.

Heckhausen, J. (1997). Development regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-187.

Knight, M. & Mather, M. (2006). The Affective Neuroscience of Aging and Its Implications for Cognition. In T.Canli (ed), The Biological Bases of Personality and Individual Differences. Guildford Press, 159-183, 2006.

Lawton, M.P., Kleblan, M.H., Rajagopal, D., & Dean, J. (1992). Dimensions of affective experience in three age groups. Psychology and Aging, 7, 171-184.

Levenson, R.W., Carstensen, L.L.,Friesen, W.V., & Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age. Psychology and Aging, 6, 28-35.

Liotti, M. & Mayberg, H.S. (2001). The Role of Functional Neuroimaging in the Neuropsychology of Depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol. 23, No. 01, pp. 121-136.

Mather, M. & Carstensen. L.L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.10 pp 496-502.

Mroczek, D.K., & Kolarz, C.M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect. A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.

Ochsner, K.N. and Gross, J.J. (2004). Thinking makes it so: a social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotional regulation. In Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (Beaumeister, R.F. and Voh, K.D., eds) pp. 229-255, Guilford Press.

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Phillips, L.H, MacLean, R.D.H. & Allen, R. (2002). The Journals of Gerontology: Series B : Psychological sciences and social sciences. Washington: Nov 2002. Vol 57B, Iss. 6; p 526.

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Tsai, J.L., Levenson, R.W. & Carstensen, L.L. (2000). Autonomic, Subjective and Expressive Responses to Emotional Films in Older and Younger Chinese Americans and European Americans. Psychology and Aging 2000 Vol. 15, No. 4, 684-693.

Time heals ... or does it?

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. & Owens, M. (in preparation) Development and initial validation of a new scale to measure emotional processing for Psychological Medicine.

Brosschot, J.F., Aarsse, H.R. (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibroymyalgia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine (31,127-146

Buzsaki, G. (1998) Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspectove. Sleep, 7 (supp 1), 17-23

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Foa, e.B. 7 Kozak, M.J. (1986) Emotional procesing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35

Fredrickson, B.L., Mancuso, R.A., Branigan, C. & Tugade, M.M. (2000) The undoing effects of positive emotion. Motivation and Emotion. Rachman, S (1980) Emotional Processing, Behaviour Research & Therapy, 18, 51-60

Maquet, P. (2001) The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 294, 1048-1082

Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P. (1998) A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety (1998) Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36,809-848

Mohlman, J. & Zinberg, R.E. (2000) What kind of attention is necessary for fear reducation? An empirical test of the emotional processing model. Behaviour Therapy, 31, 113-133

Richards, J.M. & Goss, J.j. (2000) Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79,3,410-424

Rimé, B., Phillippot, P., Finenauer, C., Ligast, S., Moorkens, P. & Torngvist, J. (1995) Mental rumination and social sharing in emotion: diary investigations of the cognitive and social aftermath of emotional events reported in P. Philippot & B. Rimé (1998) Social and cognitive processing in emotion. Chapter 8 of W.F. Flock and J.D. laird (Ed) Emotions in Psychotherapy, Oxford University Press, New York

Siegle, G.T. Steinhauer, S.R., Carter, C.S., Ramel, W., Thase, M.E. Do the seconds turn into hours? Relationships between sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional information and self reported rumination. cognitive Therapy & Research. In press.

Smith, C. (1995) Sleep states and memory processes. Behaviour Brain Research, 69, 137-145

Stanton, A.L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C.I., Bishop, M., Collins, C.A., Kirk, S.B., Sworowski, L.A. (2000) Emotinally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,5,875-882

Telch, M.J., Valentiner, D.P., Ilai, D., Young, P.R., Powers, M.B. & Smiths, J.A.J. (2004) Fear activation and distraction during the emotional processing of claustrophobic fear. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 219-232

Wagner, V., Gaise, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R. & Born, J. (2004) Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427, 352, 355

Whelton, W.J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 11,58-71

Scientific conundrums

Does the concept of emotional processing commit the fallacy of tautology?
Not another concept of processing!
Theory of the not
General references on scientific conundrums

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional Processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 18, 51 – 60.

Scheff, T. (1984) The taboo on coarse emotions. Review of Personality and social Psychology, 5, 146-169

Does the concept of emotional processing commit the fallacy of tautology?

Ayer, A.J. (1971). Language, Truth and Logic. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gregory, R.L. (Editor). (1987). The Oxford Companion To The Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Korner, S. (1955). Kant. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Kosko, B. (1994) Fuzzy Thinking. London: Flamingo

McNally, R.J. (2001). On the scientific status of cognitive appraisal models of anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 39,
513 – 521.

Moliere, J.B.P. (1950) The would-be invalid. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts (M.Bishop Translator)

Not another concept of processing!

Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P. W., Thomas, S. & Owens, M. (In Press). Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy.

Bucci, W. (1997). Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17(2), 151-172.

Craik, F. & Lockhart, R. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.

Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.

Gendlin, (1966). (possibly check with Roger, whether it’s supposed to be 1996…) If so: Gendlin, E. T. (1996). The use of focusing in therapy. In J. K. Zeig (Ed.) The evolution of psychotherapy. New York: Brunner / Mazel.

Greenberg & Paivio, (1977). (possibly check with Roger, whether it’s 1997?) If so: Greenberg L. & Paivio, S. (1997). Working with emotions in psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press

LeDoux, J. E. (1993). Emotional memory system in the brain. Behavioural Brain Research, 58, 69-79.

LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain. New York, Touchstone.

Pennebaker, J. W. & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.

Theory of the not

Foa, E.B., Feske, U., Murdock, T., Kozak, M.J. & McCarthy, P.R. (1991) Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 156-162

Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S. & Gershuny, B.S. (1995) Arousal, numbing and intrusion: Symptom structure of post traumatic stress disorder following assault. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116-120

Foa, E.B. & Rothbaum, B.O. (1997) Treating the trauma of rape. New York: Guilford Publications Inc.

Horowitz, M.J. (1986) Stress response syndromes, Northvale, NJ: Aronson

Ramsay, R. (1975) Behaviour therapy and bereavement. In progress, Behaviour Therapy (Ed J. Brengelmann), Springer, Berlin

Welton, W.J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy; evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 11, 58-71

Overlaps with related concepts

Alexithymia
Emotional awareness
Emotional focusing
Emotional intelligence

Alexithymia

Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Atkinson, L. (1988). A comparative study of three self-report measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32, 107 - 116.

Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J. (1994-II). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-II. Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33 - 40.

Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D. (1986). The measurement of alexithymia: Psychometric Properties of the Schalling-Sifneos personality scale. Journal of Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27, 287 - 294.

Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P. W., Thomas, S. & Owens, M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Brautigam, W., & von Rad, M. (Eds). (1977). Proceedings of the 11^th European Psychosomatic Research Conference: Toward a theory of psychosomatic disorders. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Cox, B.J., Kuch, K., Parker, J.D.A., Shulman, I.D., Evans, R.J. (1994). Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 523 - 527.

De Groot, J.M., Rodin, G., Olmstead, M.P. (1995). Alexithymia, depression, and treatment outcome in bulimia nervosa, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 53 - 60.

Faryna, A., Rodenhauser, P., Torem, M. (1986). Development of an analog alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 45, 201 - 206.

Good, P., & Brantner, J. A (1974) Practical guide to the MMPI. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

Kleiger, J., & Jones, N. (1979). Characteristics of alexithymic patients in a chronic respiratory illness population. Report no. 67, Psychophysiology Research Laboratories, National Jewish Hospital and Research Center, Denver, 1979.

Kleiger, J.H., Kinsman, R.A. (1980). The development of an MPPI alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 34, 17 - 24.

Lolas, F., De La Parra, G., Arohnson, S., Colin, C. (1980). On the measurement of alexithymic behaviour. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 33, 139 - 146.

Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M. (1991). Problems with measuring alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 32(2), 196 - 202.

Porcelli, P., Zaka, S., Leoci, C., Centonze, S., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A. (1995). Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64, 49 - 53.

Ruesch, J. (1948). The infantile personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 10, 134 – 144.

Sifneos, P.E. (1972). Short-Term Psychotherapy and Emotional Crisis. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.